Given the body of evidence through a systematic review and meta-analyses, our findings supported the protective benefits of MFMs in reducing respiratory transmissions, and the universal mask-wearing should be applied-especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eleven out of 16 RCTs that underwent a pairwise meta-analysis revealed a substantially lower infection risk in those donning medical face masks (MFMs) than those without face masks (RR 0.83 95% CI 0.71-0.96). Otherwise, participants donning double-layered cloth masks were prone to infection (RR 4.80, 95% CI 1.42-16.27, P-score 0.01). Next, participants who donned face masks with and without hand hygiene practices showed modest risk improvement alike (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.67-1.17, P-score 0.55) and (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.70-1.22, P-score 0.51). In comparison to those without face masks, participants with fit-tested N95 respirators were likely to have lesser infection risk (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.38-1.19, P-score 0.80), followed by those with non-fit-tested N95 and non-fit-tested FFP2 respirators that shared the similar risk, (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.12-4.36, P-score 0.63) and (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.38-1.71, P-score 0.63), respectively. Overall, evidence was weak, lacking statistical power due to the small number of participants, and there was substantial inconsistency in our findings. Sixteen RCTs involving 17 048 individuals were included for NMA. We initially registered the protocol for this study in PROSPERO (CRD42020178516).
Face mask donning trial#
We used the ROB-2 Cochrane tool to grade the trial quality. We accepted trials reporting the protective efficacy of face masks against respiratory infections, of which the primary endpoint was the presence of respiratory infections. Eleven out of 16 RCTs that underwent a pairwise meta-analysis revealed a substantially lower infection risk in those donning medical face masks (MFMs) than those without face masks (RR 0.83 95 CI 0.71 to 0.96). We searched nine electronic databases up to July 2020 to find potential articles. Otherwise, participants donning double-layered cloth masks were prone to infection (RR 4.80, 95 CI 1.42 to 16.27, P-score 0.01). Therefore, we performed a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) of the randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the actual efficacy of face masks in preventing respiratory infections. Although several studies have investigated the efficacy of various face masks and respirators in preventing infection, the results have been inconsistent. Don’t leave discarded masks in shopping carts or on the ground where other people may come into contact with them.During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, face masks are among the most common and practical control measures used globally in reducing the risk of infection and disease transmission. Replace your mask as soon as it gets damp, soiled or crumpled. Non-medical masks that can’t be washed should be disposed of properly in a lined garbage bin.
Remove the mask by un-tying it or removing the loops from your ears.Wash your hands with warm water and soap for at least 20 seconds.If you do touch your mask or face, you should immediately wash your hands with warm water and soap for at least 20 seconds, or use a hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol. While wearing a non-medical mask, it's important to avoid touching your face. Wash your hands or use alcohol-based hand sanitizer after adjusting your mask.The mask should fit snugly to the cheeks and there should not be any gaps.Adjust if needed to ensure nose and mouth are fully covered.Place the mask over your nose and mouth and secure to your head or ears with its ties or elastics.Ensure your hair is away from your face.If none is available, use hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol.
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